1 Rationale

Being able to modify some coefficients of a behaviour without recompiling is a very handy feature for the end user and is mandatory for parametric studies.

To achieve this, most mechanical solvers have introduced material properties, declared with the @MaterialProperty keyword in MFront, which are evaluated by the calling solver and then passed to the behaviour. The main idea behind material properties is to write generic behaviours that can be used to describe a wide range of materials.

There are a important shortcomings associated with the use of material properties:

• For Assurance Quality reasons, we consider that the usage of generic behaviours shall be avoided, mainly because part of the definition of the behaviour is put in the user input file: we do think that the whole description of the behaviour shall be included in the MFront implementation. This can not be achieved with material properties since their is no easy cross-solver way to define their default values from the behaviour implementation.
• The use of material properties can have significant numerical impact in some finite element solver: those costs are associated to the evaluation and transfer of material properties values to the behaviour.

Parameters, defined through the @Parameter keyword, are meant to be an alternative solution: parameters are internal coefficients that can be modified by the end user at (almost) no cost. A parameter must have a default value which must be considered as the reference value.

Parameters are global values shared by all instances of the behaviour. Parameters are thus associated to the behaviour and not to a material (or model in the Cast3M wording). Parameters thus have a few shortcomings (compared to material properties).

2 Defining a parameter

Parameters are defined with the @Parameter keyword. The following syntax are allowed:

@Parameter real dmax1 =  0.98; // initialisation by assignment syntax
@Parameter real dmax2(0.98);   // constructor syntax
@Parameter real dmax3{0.98};   // uniform initialisation syntax
@Parameter real dmax4;         // only syntax valid for tfel < 2.0
dmax4.setDefaultValue(0.98);

A glossary name or an entry name can be associated to a parameter through the setGlossaryName or the setEntryName method.

Note

Historically, the type of the parameter was not required and was implicitly assumed to be of the real type. Although deprecated, the following syntax is still valid:

@Parameter dmax1 =  0.98; // initialisation by assignment syntax

3 Modifying a parameter at runtime

There are two ways to modify a parameter at runtime:

• through the calling solver input file;
• through an external file

From our point of view, the first method is preferable but is not always available. Some examples are provided below.

3.1 Examples of modify the calling solver input file

3.1.1 MTest

The keyword @Parameter is available in MTest.

3.1.2 Code-Aster

3.1.3 Zebulon

The ***parameter section can be used to define parameters from the input file.

3.2 External file

Let us take an example of a behaviour named Mazars (the behaviour name is defined by the value given to the @Behaviour keyword and prefixed by the material name, given by @Material keyword (if any)). We suppose that this behaviour defines a parameter whose entry name is DamageThreshold (entry names are defined through the setEntryName method).

If a file named Mazars-parameters.txt is in the current directory, it is automatically read at the first behaviour call. This file must contain lines beginning with a parameter name and its value. No comments are allowed.

If our case, this file may contain the following line:

DamageThreshold 0.95

If a parameter is not defined in this file, it will have its default value.

This functionality is illustrated below:

4 Querying information about parameters in mfront-query

4.1 List of parameters

The list of parameters in an mfront file can be retrieved as follows:

$ mfront-query --parameters Rousselier.mfront
...
- safety_factor_for_the_upper_bound_of_the_porosity: a safety factor for the porosity upper bound
- safety_factor_for_the_upper_bound_of_the_porosity_for_fracture_detection: a safety factor for the porosity upper bound
- staggered_scheme_porosity_criterion: stopping criterion value of the staggered scheme
- staggered_scheme_maximum_number_of_iterations: maximum number of iterations of the staggered scheme allowed
- minimal_time_step_scaling_factor: minimal value for the time step scaling factor
- maximal_time_step_scaling_factor: maximal value for the time step scaling factor
- numerical_jacobian_epsilon: perturbation value used to compute a numerical approximation of the jacobian
- iterMax: maximum number of iterations allowed

4.2 Querying the default value of a parameter

The default value of a parameter can be retrieved using the --parameter-default-value query, as follows:

$ mfront-query --parameter-default-value=epsilon Rousselier.mfront 
1.e-14
$ mfront-query --parameter-default-value=iterMax Rousselier.mfront
100

4.3 Querying the type of a parameter

The type of a parameter can be retrieved through the --parameter-type query, as follows:

$ mfront-query --parameter-type=iterMax Rousselier.mfront
ushort

Here ushort means that the iterMax parameter is stored as unsigned short integer.

4.4 Querying the name of the parameters’ file through mfront-query

The name of the file which can be used to modify the parameters’ values (see Section 3.2) can be retrieved with the --parameters-file query:

$ mfront-query --parameters-file Rousselier.mfront 
Rousseliertest-parameters.txt